Are 'dark patterns' used by websites and apps illegal in India?

A website tricked me into a paid subscription through a confusing checkout design and hid the free option. Is this illegal under consumer law? I would rather settle this without going to court if the law allows it, but I need to know my rights before I sign anything. Please tell me what to do first and what document to keep.

Under Indian law, Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns 2023 is the starting point for this consumer law question. What follows is the position in substance, together with the steps that usually make the difference in practice.

The CCPA's Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023 identify 13 specified dark patterns including false urgency, basket sneaking, confirm-shaming, forced action, and subscription traps.

'Basket sneaking' (adding items or charges without consent) and 'drip pricing' (revealing charges only at a late stage of checkout) are expressly listed as prohibited dark patterns.

A dark pattern that manipulates consumer choice or deceives them into a transaction falls within the wide definition of 'unfair trade practice' under Section 2(47) even independent of the Guidelines.

The CCPA can issue directions, impose penalties, and require corrective action against platforms found using dark patterns, in addition to consumers' individual remedies.

Screenshots and screen recordings of the checkout flow are crucial evidence to demonstrate exactly how the dark pattern misled you into the transaction.

Practical steps: 1) Take screenshots or a screen recording of the misleading checkout flow immediately; 2) Request cancellation and refund from the platform citing the specific dark pattern used; 3) File a complaint with the CCPA or National Consumer Helpline referencing the 2023 Guidelines; 4) File a consumer complaint for refund and compensation if the platform refuses to act.

If the other side has already issued a notice, filed a case or set a deadline, treat the matter as time-sensitive — remedies under Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns 2023 carry limitation periods, and unexplained delay weakens an otherwise strong case. You can post the details on the MyVakeel forum for a practising advocate to review, or book a paid consultation with a Bar Council verified lawyer in consumer law.

Disclaimer: This information is for general awareness and does not constitute legal advice. Statutes and their interpretation change, and outcomes depend on the facts of your case. Please consult a qualified advocate before acting on it.